![]() ![]() Choose another writer in this calendar:
by name: by birthday from the calendar.
TimeSearch |
|
Kauppis-Heikki (1862-1920) - pseudonym of Heikki Kauppinen |
Finnish self-learned author with a rural
worker's
background. Kauppis-Heikki's (real name Heikki Kauppinen) stories are
generally considered among the best of Finnish folk
writers. They grew from his childhood living in poverty, and his
struggle to have a better life. Much of his work depicted country
people, especially women of the Northern Savo. "The path of us Finnish
writers in stewn with thorns," said the author, playwright and social
activist Minna Canth to him; early on, she encouraged Kauppis-Heikki in writing. "Anaski oli ulkonäöltään jylseäkasvoinen, pienet silmät syvällä knlmien varjossa. Ei sattunut koskaan, ettei hän olisi jaksanut hillitä itseänsä. Jos hänen kertomustensa kuuntelijat nauroivat katketakseen, istui Anaski aivan tyynenä, juuri kuin kertoisi kaikkein totisinta asiata maailmassa. Ja koska hänen elämässään ja varsinkin kertomuksissaan löytyi joitain huvittavia paikkoja, panen tähän näytteeksi muutamia." (from Anaski by Kauppis-Heikki, Porvoossa: Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, 1911, p. 5) Heikki Kauppinen was born in Iisalmi, the illegitimate son of Tiina
Loviisa Remes, a widow, and Pekka Karppinen, a tenant farmer, who died
in 1910. Soon after the birth of his son, Tiina Loviisa was forced to go begging for food from door to door. Besides working as a servant, Kauppinen's mother toiled at her spinning
wheel, and sold clothes. When there was
not enough food, she ate herself bread made of bark and gave
her son bread made of real flour. In 1873, she married a widow, Samuli
Partanen. Never having a carefree childhood, Kauppinen worked hard at his stepfather's house – he was 11
years old, but during this period he learned to write. In 1877, he was
hired as a farm-hand for the the Protestant minister H. Th. Brofeldt,
who was Juhani Aho's father. Kauppinen's mother
died of typhoid in the same year. In the new surroundings Kauppinen began to
read poems and composed his own early verses. "Minä
luin ja luin ja sitä tehdessäni ikäänkuin siirryin toiseen maailmaan.
Suuri tupa, jossa ei tällä kertaa ollut ketään muita, muuttui aivan
satumaisen kauniiksi. Se kuvastui nyt runottarien asunnolta, joksi sen
vihkivät kirjassa löytyvät säkeet: Yö nyt on jo hämyinen, / pirtti
unelmoipi, / sirkka uuninkorvalla / tyytyväisenä soipi." (I read and
read,
and it was as if I was moved into another world. The great main room,
where there was nobody else at the time, became a fabulous place. It
was now the home of the muses . . .)" (from 'Ihanin muistelmani,' illustrated by A. Federley, in Nuori Suomi: Päivälehden joulualbumi VII, Helsingissä: Eero Erkon kustannuksella, 1898, p. 79) From
the beginning of the 1880s, Kauppinen was tutored by Juhani and Pekka
Aho and the literary circle around Elisabet Järnefelt, Arvid, Eero, and
Kasper Järnefelt. "You cant' write a play," said Kasper Järnefelt after
reading Kauppinen's attempt in playwriting, entitled Lain loppu, "until you have progressed more, and it takes a lot of effort." In 1884, Kauppinen was employed as a stand-in elementary school
teacher. Brofeldt,
who had helped Kauppinen to embark on this new career, did not understand his
literary aspirations.
Encouraged by Juhani Aho, who called his protégé as a "self-learned sensation", Kauppinen made his debut as a writer with the
short story 'Äidin kuoltua' (1884, After mother's death). It was
published in the literary magazine Valvoja. This piece earned Kauppinen his first fee. Decades later, Kauppinen contributed an article to the magazine,
entitled 'Mitä Juhani Aho on ollut minulle kirjailijana' (1911, What
Juhani Aho had meant for me as a writer), in which he expressed his debt to his mentor. Another important writer for
Kauppinen was Arvid Järnefelt, whose Tolstoyanism left traces in his
work. Kauppinen also made the acquaintance of Minna Canth. She hired him as an assistant in her shop in Kuopio. However, Kauppinen
devoted there all his time to poetry – he used to write on the wrapping
papers, and let the customers wait when he was absorbed in his readings.
While in Kuopio, Kauppinen saw his first play, performed by
the company of the Finnish Theatre (Suomalainen Teatteri), which toured
around the country. Canth's attempt to get
him a job at the theatre failed when Kauppinen was considered "too
slow". In the summers of 1886 and 1887 he worked as a journalist
in Jyväskylä and Kuopio. From 1887 to 1893, Kauppinen held a regular job as a teacher
at a circular school. In his free time he wrote stories, which he sent
for criticism to Helsinki to the brothers Pekka and Theodor Brofeldt. "Thank
your good fortune that you have been condemned to live in that
backwoods", said Minna Canth in a letter to him. "There you will
perhaps remain an
honest man." (Sanoi Minna Canth: otteita Minna Canthin teoksista ja kirjeistä = Pioneer Reformer: Extracts from Minna Canth's Work and Letters, edited by Ritva Heikkilä, translated by Paul Sjöblom, Porvoo: WSOY, 1987) Due
to his poor mastery of Swedish, spoken by the educated classes, Canth
arranged a stipend for Kauppinen to study the language, but he spent
the money on a warm fur coat. In 1890, Kauppinen married Hanna Korhonen. From 1893 to 1908 he worked as a director of reform school in Kehvo. Recalling bad memories from his own childhood, Kauppinen tried to avoid corporal punishments. During this period, he studied for teacher's diploma and passed the examinations without needing to prove his mastering of the art of writing. He then moved to Ulmala near Iisalmi, where he worked as a teacher until 1920. From 1918, received a small author's pension granted by the State. "Minulla on aluperin ollut semmoinen ajatus, ettei kirjallisuudella
saisi olla mitään näkyvää tarkoitusta, vaan että sen tulisi puhua
puhuttavansa melkein sanattomasti, ikäänkuin luokse hiipien. Minä en
jaksa käsittää, että ihmisille tarvitsisi sormella osoittaa, että katso
tuohon. Senvuoksi minua on moitittu siitä, ettei minun kirjoistani
tahdo löytää ydintä, vaikka sitä hakemalla hakee." (Valitut teokset by Kauppis-Heikki, foreword by Ilpo Tiitinen, Hämeenlinna: Karisto, 1973) Tarinoita
(1886), Kauppinen's first book, was a collection of short
stories. It drew on his own harsh experiences, but the sharp edge of
reality is softened by humour – he was no Maxim Gorky, radicalized by
poverty,
and emotionally against the bourgeois
society. Thus it was no surprise to Juhani Aho that Kauppinen said in a
letter to him after the socialists declared a general strike in 1917:
"That was all we needed to add to our misery and despair." Having made his breakthrough into the literary world, Kauppinen published the novels Mäkijärveläiset (1887), which the conservative critic Agathon Meurman slaughtered in the Finland magazine. Viija: kuvaus Savon kansan elämästä
(1889) was a tale of a heiress, who chooses the wrong suitor and dies
young. Minna Canth criticized its psychological portrayal of the
heroine. Women were also central characters in Laara (1893), about a servant, who marries a weak drunkard, and Aliina
(1896), in which a young, calculating servant girl struggles to improve
the position of her family. Her story contains also many passages about
women's rights. Uran aukaisijat(1904), built around a great summer festival, was partly autobiographical, drawing on Kauppinen's life as a teacher in the 1880s. Especially in his short stories about common folk Kauppinen's sense of humor came out, the major example being Anaski, a liar and thief, the hero of a collection of tales published in 1911. Otherwise the atmosphere of his works was generally melancholic, the hopes and ambitions of his characters are constantly destroyed by reality. "Kauppis-Heikin suuremmissa kertomuksissa, varsinkin naiskuvauksissa, perussävy yleensä on vakavahko ja surunvoittoinen; tuntuu kuin tekijän herkkään, hienosyiseen sydämeen koskisi elämän varjopuolien ja kar- keuksien räikeävärinen kuvailu. Tosin hän ei suinkaan kaunistele eikä ihannoi, mutta siksipä kuultaakin kuvauksen takaa esiin tuo arkatuntoinen tekijäpersonallisuus, joka näyttää ikäänkuin kärsivän siitä että asia todella on niin kuin hän kuvaa." (Uudempi suomalainen kirjallisuus: edellinen osa: vanhempi eli perustava aika by O. A. Kallio, Porvoossa: Werber Söderström Osakeyhtiö, 1911, p. 142) Savolainen soittaja (1915) ends happily, a poor country boy eventually makes a breakthrough as a musicians and decided to help illigitimate children like himself. "Älä puhu mitään arvosta," kielsi Aho. "Sinä et sitä asiata ymmärrä. Kertomuksillasi on ainakin yksi arvo, joka ei ole niinkään vähäinen. Ne ovat omiasi, tarkoitan omintakeisia, eikä jäljittelyjä kielen, aineen tai tekotavan puolesta. Ne yhteensä merkitsevät siksi paljon, että kirjoita sinä vain edelleen, äläkä jupise joutavia." ('Mitä Juhani Aho on ollut minulle kirjailijana' by Kauppis-Heikki, in Valvoja, No 9, 01.09.1911: Valvojan Juhlajulkaisu: omistettu Juhani Aholle hänen täyttäessaan 50 vuotta, pp. 454-455) Kauppinen published several collections of poems and short stories. His novel on the life of Th. Brofeldt, Paimen ja lampaat(1920),
was left unfinished. Part of the work appeared posthumously with a
preface by Juhani Aho. ". . . Kauppis-Heikki tässä teoksessa näytti
tulevan luomaan toisesta kirjoittamansa elämäkerran ohella myöskin
jotain erikoisesti omaansa, antamaan ne eetilliset aatteet, jotka häntä
elähdyttivät . . . Sekä kuvatussa että kuvaajassa oli paljon yhteistä
pohjaa. Jos hän joskus lieneekin ollut epäilijä, oli hän omistanut
uskonnosta sen, mikä siinä on parasta ja pysyvintä, sen hartauden ja
sen siveysopin, sen, mihin se velvoittaa itseä ja muista kohtaan." ('Kauppis-Heikin viimeinen teos ja hänen viimeiset vuotensa' by Juhani Aho, in Paimen ja lampaat by Kauppis-Heikki, Porvoossa: Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, 1920, p. 8) While in Kehvo, Kauppinen was active in the local temperance society,
and began to correspond with politician, author and journalist Santeri
Alkio. He also contributed to the magazine Pyrkijä,
an organ of the Finnish Youth Association movement. Alkio, who was the
chief editor of the magazine, thought that Kauppis-Heikki's humorous
short stories would attract readers. After settling in Ulmala, he
participated for a
short time in politics, supporting first the centrist Agrarian Union
and then liberals. Kauppinen was a much sought-after speaker. Kauppinen's leg was operated in 1917, but he managed to work at school with a wooden prosthesis. His daughter Elsa died in 1919 and the author himself suffered from a stroke of apoplexy, from which he never fully recovered. Heikki Kauppinen died in Lapinlahti on September 3, 1920. He was buried in Iisalmi and in 1922 a memorial stone, made by the sculptor Eemil Halonen, was erected on his grave. Juhani Aho was buried in the same cemetery in 1921. For further reading: Kansankirjailijoita katsomassa by Viljo Tarkiainen (1904); Kauppis-Heikki: elämäkerrallis-kirjallinen tutkimus by Ilmari Havu (1925); 'Kauppis-Heikki', in Aleksis Kivestä Martti Merenmaahan: suomalaisten kirjailijain elämänkertoja (1954); Korkea elämänkaari: kymmenen kansamme tienviitoittajaa by Yrjö Karilas (1954); 'Kauppis-Heikki', in Kootut teokset 6: Kirjoja ja kirjailijoita I-IV by V. A. Koskenniemi (1955); 'Kauppis-Heikki (1862-1920)' by Ilpo Tiitinen in Valitut teokset by Kauppis-Heikki (1973); A History of Finnish Literature by Jaakko Ahokas (1973); 'Kauppis-Heikki ja vapauden teema' by Tapio Kopponen, in Kirjojen meri: professori Annamari Sarajaksen juhlakirja 12.10.1983, ed. by Kai Laitinen, et al. (1983); Sanoi Minna Canth : otteita Minna Canthin teoksista ja kirjeistä = Pioneer Reformer : Extracts from Minna Canth's Works and Letters, ed. by Ritva Heikkilä (1987); Realismista symbolismiin: Kuopio suomalaisen kulttuurin polttopisteenä 1890-luvun taitteessa, ed. by Tellervo Krogerus (1994); Hiljaisuuden ja kulttuurin Kyrönniemi, ed. by Hannu Ullner (1995); Syvistä riveistä: kansankirjailija, sivistyneistö ja kirjallisuus 1800-luvulla by Pertti Lassila (2008); 'Rohkeus katsoa ihmistä läheltä' by Minna Maijala, in Hiidenkivi (4/2012); Juhani Ahon ja Kauppis-Heikin kotipappila Kyrönniemi 1876-1883 by Asko Kauppinen (2017); Sadan vuoden työteliäisyys: Kauppis-Heikin ja Eino Säisän proosan mielenmaisemissa by Juha Drufva (2022) Selected works:
|